The United States: The Socialization of a War Society, Culture and Psyche
December 11, 2009 — PsySR Blog Anthony Marsella

The United States of America is a culture of war! No efforts to counter this reality can change this fact. No claims to the contrary can change this reality.The simple and unassailable truth is that the United States of America is a culture of war.
It has been a culture of war for a century or more. Its history, government, political and civic leaders, economy, culture, education systems, media, and, in some instances, religions all contribute to the existence and flourishing of the United States as a culture of war.
And what is unfortunate, is that far too many US citizens who are aware of this cultural reality are proud of it, benefit from it, and sanction it. And what is also unfortunate, is that far too many US citizens who do not understand or accept this culture, encourage and facilitate its existence by their ignorance, passivity, and pre-occupation with the new “opiates” of the people (i.e., sports, entertainment, and creature comforts).
Jus Ad Bellum – Just War
And then, of course, there are those Americans who claim that war is “just” in order to justify their nationalistic fervor and favored positions. Jus Ad Bellum — the argument of a “just war” — is among the most specious and dangerous rationalizations that can be made to justify actions since it also authorizes any nation or group to use war to pursue and justify its actions. Think about it!
When the USA contends its invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq are justified it permits others to say they are justified in their actions. And we now know very clearly that there were no WMD in Iraq, and that the justification was based on oil exploitation, regional political dominance, and the delusional grandiosity of a group of “New American Century” zealots crazed by power. Jus Ad Bellum? Please! And so, it can be asked, what constitutes a “just” cause for war for those nations with military and economic might? The answer is that the history of imperialism, colonialism, westernization, and economic hegemony is based on Jus Ad Bellum. American exceptionalism permits exceptionalism for any other nation or group whose avaricious and self-serving aims seek justification. We and a few other nations have an arsenal of thousands of nuclear bombs and weapons. That is okay. It is not okay, however, for others to develop them, and we certainly are not going to destroy ours.
A War Culture
The United States of America has garrisoned the world with more than 750 military bases. We support a score of dictators who oppress their people, we built and sell weapons of war across the world, we fail to punish our citizens who violate international laws, we justify the dismissal and abuse of national and international laws when it serves our purposes, we have engaged in widespread illegal surveillance of our citizens, we have overthrown legal governments, we export a popular culture that is crass, materialistic, self-indulgent, and committed to greed and ignorance, we seek hegemony while preaching collaboration, we permit a widespread gun culture to flourish, we have more than 400 national hate groups, we demonize and vilify groups and nations as evil and dangerous when we in fact may be the world’s most evil and dangerous nation, we make war with impunity using an arsenal of the most lethal and dangerous weapons, most of which are illegal. This coming year, it is estimated that the Department of Defense budget will exceed one trillion dollars. Who are we? Who are we? We are, most certainly a culture of war sustained by century-old myths.
Seven Myths That Sustain War
It is time to call attention to the many myths that the United States culture of war has permitted to flourish across the centuries. These myths have been used to justify what we do regarding war. We come to believe these myths and to act as if they warrant our use of force and exceptionalism:
1. Democracy at Home: The United States of America is not a democracy! It is governed not by the people nor for the people, but by special interest groups whose wealth and power permits them to keep their interests, especially those within the military-industrial-congressional-educational-media complex (Read: Marc Pilisuk & J. Rountree, 2008, Who Benefits from Global Violence and War. Westport, CT: Praeger).
2. Capitalism: The United States of America capitalistic economic system perpetuates extensive wealth inequities and permits the exploitation of people, natural resources, and the sanctity of life. Greed dominates as witnessed in the recent financial collapse in which huge profits were made for a limited few using illegal and immoral venues (Read: Joel Bakan, 2004, The Corporation: The Pathologicial Pursuit of Power and Profit. NY: Free Press).
3. Exporting Democracy and Imperialism: The United States of America likes to claim it wishes to bring democracy to nations across the world, but in fact, the democracy we bring is often the installation of purchased leaders whose secret bank accounts are filled with tainted US dollars. The guise of exporting democracy permits the United States to establish an imperialistic presence and privilege across the world. (Read: Julia Sweig, 2006, Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century. NY: Public Affairs. Read: Chalmers Johnson, 2006, Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic. NY: Henry Holt).
4. Diversity: The United States of America presents itself as a model for others to follow with regard to ethnic and racial diversity, but in fact, many of its minorities live in poverty and lack access to medical care, education, jobs, and personal security. Equality is not present because opportunities are denied. Racism is widespread and is often institutionalized. Prejudice against LGBT populations is widespread (Read: Any newspaper, watch any news show, drive through any large city).
5. Corruption: The United States of America is among the most corrupt nations in the world. This is an ironic fact given that it constantly criticizes other nations for corruption. Its government, business, and military ties permit widespread abuses of contracts, favoritism, cronyism, and closed networks of obligation and reciprocity. Much of this corruption occurs within the military-industrial-congressional complex (Read: Janet Wedel, 2009, Shadow Elite. NY: Basic Books)
6. Peace and Imperialism: The United States of America constantly tries to project itself as a nation that seeks peace. But, history reveals that it has engaged in scores of actions across the centuries that serve to prevent peace and actually promote chaos and destruction. Indeed, its trajectory reveals a desire to become an imperialistic global power. It reflexively turns to militarism and sustains a vast military and security system. (Read: William Blum, 2004, Killing Hope. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press. Read: Andrew Bacevich, 2005, The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War. NY: Oxford Press).
7. Citizen Rights, Secrecy, and National Security: The United States of America supports the largest and most widespread national security system in the world. It has more than 17 national security agencies with dozens of subgroups. Its national security system targets other nations, foreign nationals, and, unfortunately, its own citizens under a blanket of mass communication surveillance, illegal acts, and assassinations. A widespread private surveillance system of personal data adds to the pool of abuses. (Read: Tim Weiner, 2007, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. NY: Doubleday. Read: Robert O’Harrow, Jr., 2005, No Place to Hide. NY: Simon & Schuster).
The Socialization of a Culture of War
Given the fact that the United States of America is a culture of war which has thrived by nurturing a series of myths about its government, economic, and social system, it can be asked how does the United States do this? My answer to this question is provided in figure below. In this figure, I propose that the United States socializes its citizens by supporting an array of ethoses that shape macrosocial institutions that shape microsocial institutions that shape individual and group psyches in a reciprocal manner, that is to say in a dynamic that informs and supports in both directions.

Both the number and the widespread nature of the cultural ethoses that serve to inform and shape the different levels of institutions (i.e., macro, micro) and the collective and individual psyches are sources of powerful influence. An ethos is a very basic — and often unconscious – value. It can be both explicit and/or implicit. Its fundamental and essential nature means that it readily penetrates a broad spectrum of attitudes, behaviors, and institutions that govern individual and collective actions. An ethos can guide perceptions to such an extent and at such an unconscious or subconscious level of awareness that it is neither questioned nor contended. It is, in the end, a powerful assumption that structures a society’s socialization process.
Without addressing the spectrum of ethoses that I have listed in the figure, I do wish to point out that the ethoses I have listed are dynamic, interactive, and reciprocal. They constitute a complex ecology that is often difficult to understand and certainly difficult to change. Indeed, addressing one ethos in isolation decontextualizes it and thus distorts its origins, nature, and dynamics. But all of this, in the end, is simply to say that in my opinion, the United States of America is a culture of war that is sustained by a history, government and political system, economy, education system, and even a moral institution system that seeks to hide its nature behind a propaganda system and a social relations system that permit it to exist, thrive, and engage in that most tragic of human acts, war.
In a future essay, I will be addressing the more hopeful topic of the United States as a Culture of Peace. I guess that essay can be called Jus Ad Pacem.
Anthony Marsella is a past president of Psychologists for Social Responsibility, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii, and past director of the World Health Organization Psychiatric Research Center in Honolulu. He is known nationally and internationally as a pioneer figure in the study of culture and psychopathology, challenging the ethnocentrism and racial biases of many assumptions, theories, and practices in psychology and psychiatry. He is currently senior book series editor for cultural and international psychology for Springer SBM Publications. Tony can be reached at marsella@hawaii.edu, and he welcomes your comments © PalestineFreeVoice Copyright reserved 2003 - 2011
Intellectual Rights Retained